Achieving Eco-nomic Security

On Spaceship Earth

 

FOOTNOTES

Introduction

 

 1. Clark, Mary. Contemporary Biology. Second Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, (1979): p. 528.

 

2. Schneider, Stephen H. Global Warming. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, (1989): p. 20, (Taken from uncorrected proof).

 

3. Brown, Lester R. State of the World 1992. Worldwatch Institute, W.W. Norton and Company, New York, London, (1992): p. 74.

 

4. Ibid. pp. 37-38.

 

5. Ibid.

 

Chapter I

 

No footnotes.

 

Chapter II

 

1. Chopra, Deepak. Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind/Body Medicine. Bantam Books, New York, (1989): pp. 48-49.

 

Chapter III

 

2. Ladd, Everett Carll. "How Americans View the Environment". Christian Science Monitor. (April 20, 1990): p. 19.

 

3. Miller, John. "The Wrong Shade of Green", Dollars & Sense. No. 185, (April 1993): p.6.

 

4. Holman, Richard L. "World Wire: Environment Wins Over Economy". The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition, New York, New York, (May 6, 1992): p. A-11.

 

5. Miller, John. "The Wrong Shade of Green", Dollars & Sense. No. 185, (April 1993): p.9.

 

6. Cannon, James S. The Health Costs Of Air Pollution. (Pre-published Edition), American Lung Association, Washington D.C., (1990): p. 49.

 

7. Wager, Janet S. "How Much Are Fossil Fuels Really Costing You?"  Nucleus. Vol. 15, No. 2, (Summer 1993): p. 7.

 

8. Author's calculations.

 

9. Pasternak, Judy. "Pollution Is Choking Farm Belt". Los Angeles Times. (April 22, 1991): p. A-1.

 

10. Author's calculations based on the figures taken from: Cannon, James S. The Health Costs Of Air Pollution. (Pre-published Edition), American Lung Association, Washington D.C., (1990): p. 49, and Wager, Janet S. "How Much Are Fossil Fuels Really Costing You?" Nucleus. Vol. 15, No. 2, (Summer 1993): p. 7.

 

11. Quoted by Lorin L. Vant-Hull. "Solar Thermal Central Receivers". Solar Today. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1992): p. 15.

 

12 Ibid, p. 16.

 

13. Author's calculations.

 

14 Vant-Hull, Lorin L. "Solar Thermal Central Receivers". Solar Today. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1992): p. 16.

 

15. See index for more entries.

 

16. Russell, Dick. "Empires of Black Gold". New Internationalist. No. 206, (April1990): p. 12.

 

17. Ibid.

 

18. Ibid.

 

19. Magavern, Bill. "A Prescription for Fiscal and Environmental Health". Critical Mass. Vol. 3, No. 1, (May 1993): p. 1.

 

20.  Hubbard, Harold R. "The Real Cost Of Energy". Scientific American. Vol. 264, No. 4, (April 1991): p. 37. Also see Lovins, Hunter et al. Changing America: Blueprint for a New Democracy. (Reprint), Rocky Mountain Institute, Old Snowmass, Colorado, (1992): p. 7.

 

21.  Lovins, Hunter et al. Changing America: Blueprint for a New Democracy. (Reprint), Rocky Mountain Institute, Old Snowmass, Colorado, (1992): p. 7.

 

22. "Eximbank Signs Historic U.S. – Russia Oil and Gas Agreement", BISNIS BULLETIN, U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration, September 1993, pages 1 – 3. "All trade and investment-related U.S. Government agencies, including the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), the Export-Import Bank of the United States, and the Departments of State, Treasury, and Energy participate in the U.S. – Russia Business Development Committee .... OPIC announced it will provide guarantee and insurance support for Texaco's oil well restoration project in Western Siberia.

 

23. Hubbard, Harold R. "The Real Cost Of Energy". Scientific American. Vol. 264, No. 4, (April 1991): p. 37.

 

24. Banks, Howard. Editor, "What's Ahead for Business", Forbes. Vol. 149, No. 5, (March 2, 1992): p. 37.

 

25. Young, John E. "Free-Loading Off Uncle Sam", World Watch. Vol. 5, No. 1, (Jan./Feb.1992): p. 34.

 

26. Ibid.

 

27. Ibid.

 

28. Ibid.

 

29. Simon, Ruth. "The Whole Earth Compost Pile?". Forbes. (May 28, 1990): p. 136.

 

30. "Styrene: Health Effects Of Low-Level Exposure." FASE Reports. Foundation For Advancements In Science And Education, Vol. 2, Winter (1988): p. 2.

 

31. Bashin, Brian Jay. "Bug Bomb Fallout". Harrowsmith. Vol. IV, No. 27, (May/June 1989): p. 44. Also see Ruzicka, Angie. "Is Spraying Pesticides Around Home Worth the Risk of Childhood Leukemia?", The Journal of Pesticide Reform. Vol. 7, No. 3, (Fall 1987): p. 23.

 

32. Ranber, Paul. "Mercury Madness", Sierra. Vol. 77, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1992): p. 38.

 

33. Hubbard, Harold R. "The Real Cost of Energy", Scientific American. Vol. 264, No. 4, (April 1991): p. 42.

 

34. Ibid.   

 

35. Ibid.

 

36. Ibid.   

 

37. Ibid.

 

38. Ibid.

 

39. Flavin, Christopher and John E. Young. "Will Clinton Give Industry A Green Edge", World Watch. Vol. 6, No. 1, (Jan./Feb 1993): p. 30.

 

40. Hirschhorn, Joel S. "Cutting Production of Hazardos Waste", Technology Review. Vol. 91, No. 3, (April 1988): p. 55.

 

41. Langone, John. "A Stinking Mess", Time. Vol. 133, No. 1, (Jan. 2, 1989): p. 45.

 

42. Ibid.

 

43. See Index for more entries. (There is no index in this web version.)

 

44. Cohn, Linc and Mary O'Connell. "Dry Cleaning Without Chemicals", In Business. Vol. 15, No. 2, (March/April 1993): p. 39.

 

45. Ibid. p. 38.

 

46. Ibid. p. 39.

 

47. Zuckerman, Seth. "Old forestry", Sierra. Vol. 77, No. 2, (March/April 1992): p. 44.

 

48. Ibid.

 

49. See Index for more entries. (There is no index in this web version.)

 

50. Portola Institute. Energy Primer. Portola Institute, Menlo Park, California, (1974): pp. 115-116. Also see Gever, John et al. Beyond Oil. A Project of Carrying Capacity Inc. Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, (1986): p. 28.

 

51. Gever, John et al. Beyond Oil. A Project of Carrying Capacity Inc. Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, (1986): p. 164.

 

52. World Resources 1992 – 93. The World Resources Institute, The United Nations Environmental Programme, and The United Nations Development Programme, Oxford Press, New York, (1992): pp. 111 – 12.

 

53. Brown, Lester R. Saving The Planet. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London, (1988): p. 20.

 

54. See Index for more entries. (There is no index in this web version.)

 

55. Repetto, Robert et al. Wasting Assets. Washington D.C., World Resources Institute, (June 1989): p. 2.

 

56. Specifically, the North American Free Trade Aggreement (NAFTA) and the General Aggreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT).

57.  Thompson, David. The Economics of Environmental Protection. Winthrop Publishers Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, (1993): p. 5.

 

58. Miller, G. Tyler. Environmental Science, an Introduction. 2nd Edition, Waldsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California, (1988): pp. 7-8. Also see David Dickson's, The Politics of Alternative Technology. Universe Books, New York, (1975): p. 19, and Norman Myers. "The Big Squeeze", EarthWatch. Vol. XII, No.VII, (Nov./Dec.): p 27.

 

Chapter VI

 

59. Thompson, David. The Economics of Environmental Protection. Winthrop Publishers Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, (1993): p. 5.

 

60. Author's calculations. Also see Horton, Paul B. et al. The Sociology of Social Problems. Eighth Edition. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, (1985): p. 412.

 

61. Thompson, David. The Economics of Environmental Protection. Winthrop Publishers Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, (1993): p. 19.

 

62. Author's calculations.

 

63. Miller, John. "The Wrong Shade of Green", Dollars & Sense. No. 185, (April 1993): p. 7.

 

64. Ibid. Also see Udal, James B. "Turning Down The Heat", Sierra. Vol. 74, No. 4, (July/August 1989): p. 30.

 

65. Miller, G. Tyler. Environmental Science, an Introduction. 2nd Edition, Waldsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California, (1988): pp. 7-8.

 

Chapter V

 

66. Sivard, Ruth Leger, et al. World Military and Social Expenditures 1991. 14th Edition, World Priorities, Washington D.C. (1991): p 10.

 

67. Ibid. p. 26.

 

68. Midgley, Jane. The Women's Budget. October 1, 1991 Edition, The International League for Peace and Freedom, Pennsylvania, p. 8.

 

69. Ibid.

 

70. Ibid.

 

71. Copeland, Jeff and Penelope Wang. "Too Much Oil, Too Little Unity", Newsweek. Vol. 108, (October 27, 1986): p. 88. Also see Karmin, Monroe W. et al. "OPEC Searches for Those Good Old Days", U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 101, (August 18, 1986): p. 35.

 

72. Karmin, Monroe W. et al. "OPEC Searches for Those Good Old Days", U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 101, (August 18, 1986): p. 35.

 

73. Kohl, Wilfrid L., Editor. After the Oil Price Collapse. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, (1988): p. 207.

 

74. Ibid.

 

75. Lovins, Amory and Hunter Lovins. "Winning The Peace", RMI Newsletter. Vol. VII, No. 1, (Spring 1991): p. 1.

 

76. Ibid.

 

77. Ibid.

 

78. Ibid. p. 3.

 

79. Hubbard, Harold R. "The Real Cost of Energy", Scientific American. Vol. 264, No. 4, (April 1991): p.36.

 

80. Lovins, Amory and Hunter Lovins. "Winning The Peace", RMI Newsletter. Vol. VII, No. 1, (Spring 1991): p. 3.

 

81. Ibid.

 

82. Ibid.

 

83. Brown, Lester R., et al. State of the World 1992. Worldwatch Institute, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London, (1992): p. 144.

 

84. Ibid. p. 145.

 

85. Ibid.

 

86. Ibid.

 

87. Ibid.

 

88. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 135.

 

89. Ibid.

 

90. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 14.

 

91. Midgley, Jane. The Women's Budget. October 1, 1991 Edition, The International League for Peace and Freedom, Pennsylvania, p. 19.

 

92. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 14.

 

93. Lovins, Amory B. and L. Hunter Lovins. Brittle Power: Energy Strategies for National Security. Brick House Publishing Company, Andover Mass., (1992): p. 129.

 

94. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 6.

 

95. Lovins, Amory B. and L. Hunter Lovins. Brittle Power: Energy Strategies for National Security. Brick House Publishing Company, Andover Mass., (1992): p. 112.

 

96. Ibid.

 

97. Knight Ridder Newspapers. "Gulf Oil Said Vulnerable to Saboteurs", The San Diego Union. North County Edition, (Tuesday, September 25, 1990): p. A-6.

 

98. Ibid. p. A-1.

 

99. Empty Breadbasket? The Coming Challenge to America's Food Supply and What We Do About It. A Study of the U.S. Food System by the Cornucopia Project of Rodale Press, Emmaus Pennsylvania, (1980): p. 5.

 

100. Author's personal experience.

 

101. See Index for more entries. (There is no index in this web version.)

 

102. It can be argued that natural gas, oil, and to a certain extent, coal would be just as easy to use as fuels in a decentralized power system as biomass where they are locally available. But unlike biomass, which in the process of growing absorbs the CO2 released from prior burnings, fossil fuels are nonrenewable and their combustion adds CO2 to the atmosphere.

 

103. Author's calculations based on a10 percent sunlight into electricity conversion efficiency, an average of 5 hours of sunlight per day through out the year and a daily average consumption of 4.6 to 9.3 kWh with PV arrays of 100 square feet to 200 square feet.

 

104. State of California Department of Water Resources. Evaporation From Water Surfaces. Bulletin No. 73-1, State of California, (May 1974): pp. 26-170.

 

Chapter VI

 

105. Author's calculations assuming an annual population growth of 92 million people per year. Source: Brown, Lester R., et al. State of the World 1992. Worldwatch Institute, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London, (1992): p. 3.

 

106. Pereira, H.C. Land Use and Water Resources in Temperate and Tropical Climates. University Press, Cambridge England, (1973): p. 25. See index - water security for more details.

 

Chapter VII

 

107. Reisner, Mark. Cadillac Desert. Penguin Books, New York, New York, (1987): pp. 490 – 494. See Index under water security for more info.

 

108. Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. Energy Future. Random House, New York, New York, (1979): p. 15.

 

109. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 16.

 

110. Young, John E. "Acid Rains, Acid Waters", Worldwatch. Vol. 1, No. 5, (September/October 1988): p. 9.

 

111. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 16.

 

112. Easterbrook, Gregg. "Everything You Know About The Environment Is Wrong", The New Republic. (April 30, 1990): P. 14.

 

113. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 16.

 

114. Ibid.

 

115. Ibid. pp. 16 – 17.

 

116. Schneider, Stephen H. Global Warming. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, California, (1989): p. 20.

 

117. San Diego Gas and Electric. San Diego Regional Energy Plan (Draft). (8/27/1993): extrapolated from the flow chart on p. 3.

 

118. Newscast – National Public Radio.

 

119. Ibid.

 

120. Brown, Lester R. Saving The Planet. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London, (1988): p. 60.

 

121. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 16.

 

122. Ibid. pp. 16 -17.

 

123. Udal, James B. "Turning Down The Heat", Sierra. Vol. 74, No. 4, (July/August 1989): p. 26.

 

124. Shuey, Chris. "Uranium Mines and Their Problems", The Workbook. Southwest Research and Information Center, Vol. X, No. 3, (July/September): p. 113.

 

125. Houston, Paul. "Compensation for Radiation Victims OKd", Los Angeles Times. (September 28, 1990): p. A – 1. This represents a payout of $30 to $50 million.

 

126. Gyorgy, Anna et al. No Nukes. South End Press, Boston, Mass., (1979): p. 103.

 

127. Ibid. p. 106.

 

128. Ibid. p. 45 – 70.

 

129. Hall, Stephen. "Back From The Grave", New Internationalist. No. 206, (April 1990): p. 14. Also see Udal, James B. "Turning Down The Heat", Sierra. Vol. 74, No. 4, (July/August 1989): p. 26.

 

130. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 139.

 

131. Ibid. p. 140.

 

132. Tyner, S., Gene et al. "The Net-Energy Yield of Nuclear Power", Pergamon Journals Ltd. Vol. 13, No. 1, (1988): p.73.

 

133. Lovins, Hunter et al. Changing America: Blueprints for a New Democracy. (Reprint), Rocky Mountain Institute, Old Snowmass, Colorado, (1992): p. 12. Also see Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 139.

 

134. Ibid.

 

135. Ibid.

 

136. Hubbard, Harold R. "The Real Cost of Energy", Scientific American. Vol. 264, No. 4, (April 1991): p. 36.

 

137. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 147.

 

138. Ibid. p. 148.

 

139. Wager, Janet S. "How Much Are Fossil Fuels Really Costing You", Nucleus. Vol. 15, No. 2, (Summer 1993): p. 7.

 

140. Bradsher, Keith. "Iraqi Moves Lift Crude To $38.25", The New York Times. (September 25, 1990): p. D -1.

 

141. Banks, Howard. Editor. "What's Ahead For Business", Forbes. Vol. 149, No. 5, (March 2, 1992): p. 37.

 

142. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 119.

 

143. Ibid. P. 117.

 

144. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 2.

 

145. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 122.

 

146. Ibid.

 

147. Ibid.

 

148. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 2.

 

149. Lovins, Amory. "Abating Global Warming – At A Profit". Rocky Mountain Institute Newsletter. Vol. V, No. 3, (Fall 1989): p. 1.

 

150. Ibid.

 

151. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 2.

 

152. Roodman, David Malin. "Power Brokers: Managing Demand for Electricity", Worldwatch. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1993): p. 26.

 

153. Ibid.

 

154. Ibid.

 

155. Ibid. p. 29.

 

156. Ibid.

 

157. Author's calculations based on figures cited in the text that follows.

 

158. Kreider, Jan F. and Rabl. Heating and Cooling Design for Efficiency. McGraw Hill, p. 3.

 

159. Ibid.

 

160. Ibid.

 

161. Author's calculations based on Figure 1.1, Kreider, Jan F. and Rabl. Heating and Cooling Design for Efficiency. McGraw Hill, p. 4.

 

162. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): pp. 48 - 49.

 

163. Ibid. p. 49. Also see Scholand, Michael. "Building for the Future", World Watch. Vol. 6, No. 6, (November/December 1993): p. 36.

 

164. "Recycling the Sun". Southwest Contractor. (Sept. 1992): p. 31.

 

165. "Safeway Dims Lighting Costs". Chain Store Age Executive. (Sept. 1986): p. 220.

 

166. Ibid.

 

167. "Recycling the Sun". Southwest Contractor. (Sept. 1992): p. 31.

 

168. Flanigan, Ted, Amory Lovins et al. "U.S. Could Cut Light Bill by 92%". RMI Newsletter. (May 1988): p. 8.

 

169. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 124.

 

170. "Big Energy Savings in Commercial Buildings". Energy Information Administration New Releases. Department of Energy, (March/April 1992, Issued – May 1992): p. 1.

 

171. Flanigan, Ted, Amory Lovins et al. "U.S. Could Cut Light Bill by 92%". RMI Newsletter. (May 1988): p. 8.

 

172. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 123.

 

173. Hall, Stephen. "Back From The Grave", New Internationalist. No. 206, (April 1990): p. 15.

 

174. Flavin, Christopher. "Yankee Utilities Learn to Love Efficiency". World Watch. Vol. 3, No. 2, (March/April 1990): p. 5.

 

175. Ibid.

 

176. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 124.

 

177. Ibid.

 

178. Meyer, Jane and Craig Sieban. "Super Saskatoon". Solar Age. Vol. 7, No. 1, (June 1982): p. 26.

 

179. Ibid. pp. 27-28.

 

180. Ibid. p. 27.

 

181. Ibid. p. 31.

 

182. Arasteh, Dariush and Stephen Selkowitz. "A Superwindow Field Demonstration Program in Northwest Montana". Paper presented at the ASHRA/DOE/BTECC/CIBSE Conference on Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings IV, December 4-7, (1989), Lawrence Livermore Laboratory – 26069, TA – 265, Paper Dated September (1989): p. 1.

 

183. Malin, Nadav. "Building With Straw Bales". Environmental Building News. Vol. 2, No. 3, (May/June 1993): p. 10.

 

184. Ibid.

 

185. Meyer, Jane and Craig Sieban. "Super Saskatoon". Solar Age. Vol. 7, No. 1, (June 1982): p. 31.

 

186. Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. Energy Future. Random House, New York, New York, (1979): p. 167.

 

187. David, Bradley J. "Taking The Heat Out of Sunlight – New Advances In Glazing Technology For Commercial Buildings". Paper Presented at the ACEEE 1990 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, Cal. (August 26/September 1, 1990): p. 6.

 

188. Arasteh, Dariush and Stephen Selkowitz. "A Superwindow Field Demonstration Program in Northwest Montana". Paper presented at the ASHRA/DOE/BTECC/CIBSE Conference on Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings IV, December 4-7, (1989), Lawrence Livermore Laboratory – 26069, TA – 265.

Paper Dated September (1989): p. 1,

 

189. Pearlman, Nancy – Editor. "Costa Rica". The Compendium Newsletter. Vol. 20, No. 4, (July/August 1992): p. 14.

 

190. Ibid.

 

191. Author's calculations.

 

192. Carlock, Marty. "Super-Fridge Can Run On Sunshine". Popular Science. Vol. 227, No. 5. (1985): p. 64.

 

193. Cohen, Jon. "Putting the Freeze On Refrigeration Costs". EPRI Journal. (Electric Power Research Institute), Vol. 13, No. 8, (Dec. 1988): p. 16.

 

194. Rocky Mountain Institute Staff. "New Electric Motor Designs Improve Efficiency". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 1, No. 2, (1978): p. 22. Also see Steve Meyers. "Efficient Motors: Winding Up and Slowing Down". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 3, No. 2, (1980): pp. 27 – 29.

 

195. Flanigan, Ted et al. "Competitek's Drivepower Report Completed". RMI Newsletter. Vol. 5, No. 2, (1989): p. 6.

 

196. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. XXII.

 

197. Yeaple, Frank. "Laundry Dryer Recuperator Recovers Valuable Heat". Design News. (May 26, 1989): p. 122.

 

198. Author's calculations based on the use of low flow showerheads and faucet  restrictors that can reduce the energy required to heat water by 70%.

 

199. Mahjouri, Fariborz. "DMS With Solar Hot Water at Baltimore Gas & Electric". Solar Today. Vol. 8, No. 1, (Jan./Feb.1994): p. 23.

 

200. Ibid.

 

201. Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. Energy Future. Random House, New York, New York, (1979): p. 154.

 

202. Ibid.

 

203. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 122.

 

204. Ibid.

 

205. Ibid. p. 123.

 

206. Author's calculations.

 

207. Author's calculations based on figures taken from Lovins, Amory. Soft Energy Paths. Friends of the Earth International, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Mass. (1977): p. 75. Total use of electricity by electric drives (motors) in industry – 2.96 quads, divided by 6.67 quads, both figures relate to the amount of electricity used in the U.S. in 1973.

 

208. Flanigan, Ted et al. "Competitek's Drivepower Report Completed". RMI Newsletter. Vol. 5, No. 2, (1989): p. 6. Also see Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 51.

 

209. Telephone conversation with David Singer, president of the Highland Energy Group of Golden Colorado.

 

210. Flanigan, Ted et al. "Competitek's Drivepower Report Completed". RMI Newsletter. Vol. 5, No. 2, (1989): p. 6.

 

211. Flavin, Christopher, Rick Piltz and Chris Nichols. Sustainable Energy. Renew America, Washington D.C., (1988): p. 19.

 

212. Flavin, Christopher. "Yankee Utilities Learn to Love Efficiency". World Watch. Vol. 3, No. 2, (March/April 1990): p. 5.

 

213. Cook, William J. et al. "Standing Up to Oil Shock". U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 109, No. 9, (Aug.27/Sept.3, 1990): p.37.

 

214. Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. Energy Future. Random House, New York, New York, (1979): p. 158.

 

215. Author's calculations based on Lovins, Amory B. Soft Energy Paths. Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Mass., (1977): p. 75.

 

216. Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. Energy Future. Random House, New York, New York, (1979): p. 160.

 

217. Ibid. p. 159.

 

218. Cook, William J. et al. "Standing Up to Oil Shock". U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 109, No. 9, (Aug.27/Sept.3, 1990): p.37.

 

219. Flavin, Christopher, Rick Piltz and Chris Nichols. Sustainable Energy. Renew America, Washington D.C., (1988): p. 18. Also see Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. Energy Future. Random House, New York, New York, (1979): p. 158 and Yukio Suzuki's "Regeneration of the Earth is not an Impossible Dream". The Japan Times Weekly International Edition. Vol. 30, No. 39, (Oct. 1-7, 1990): p. 9.

 

220. Canine, Crag. "The Second Coming of Energy Conservation". Utne Reader. LENS Publishing Company, No. 37, (Jan./Feb. 1990): p. 117. Excerpted from Harrowsmith. (March/April 1989).

 

221. Harding, Jim. "Soft Paths for Difficult Nations". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 3, No. 3, (June/July 1980): p. 21.

 

222. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 51.

 

223. Ibid.

 

224. Ibid.

 

225. Young, John E. Worldwatch Paper 101 – Discarding the Throwaway Society. Worldwatch Institute, Washington D.C., (Jan. 1991): p. 23.

 

226. Ibid.

 

227. Gaines, L. L. Energy and Materials Used in the Production and Recycling of Consumer Goods Packaging. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, (Feb. 1981): p. 5.

 

228. Pearlman, Nancy – Editor. "Use of Refillables Instead of Recycled Bottles". The Compendium Newsletter. Vol. 20, No. 4, (July/Aug. 1992): p. 10.

 

229. Brown, Lester and Edward C. Wolf. "Global Prospects". Not Man Apart. (April/March 1985): p. 15.

 

230. Horton, Paul B. et al. The Sociology of Social Problems. Eighth Edition, Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, (1985): p. 414.

 

231. Ibid.

 

232. During, Alan B. "Junk Food, Food Junk". World Watch. Vol. 4, No. 5, (Sept./Oct. 1991): p. 8.

 

233. Stauffer-Forsell, Roberta. "Energy Saving from Recycling". Resource Recycling. (Jan./Feb. 1989): pp. 24-25, 56, 58-60.

 

234. Recycling Responds – An Industry at Work for America's Future. National Association of Recycling Industries, New York, New York, (1978): p. 4.

 

235. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 15.

 

236. Ibid.

 

237. Brown, Lester et al. "Earth Day 2030". World Watch. Vol. 3, No. 2, (March/April 1990): p. 17.

 

238. Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 15.

 

239. Author's calculations.

 

240. During, Alan B. "Junk Food, Food Junk". World Watch. Vol. 4, No. 5, (Sept./Oct. 1991): p. 7 and verified by Author's calculations based on figures taken from Gaines, L. L. Energy and Materials Used in the Production and Recycling of Consumer Goods Packaging. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, (Feb. 1981): p. 3.

 

241. Author's calculations based on figures taken from Gaines, L. L. Energy and Materials Used in the Production and Recycling of Consumer Goods Packaging. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, (Feb. 1981): p. 3.

 

242. Ibid.

 

243. Ibid. p. 3.

 

244. Author's calculations based on figures taken from "Recycling Saves Resources". Berkeley Ecology Center Newsletter. (April 1985): p.1.

 

245. Young, John E. "Burn Out". World Watch. World Watch Institute, Vol. 4, No. 4, (July/Aug. 1991): p. 8.

 

246. During, Alan B. "Junk Food, Food Junk". World Watch. Vol. 4, No. 5, (Sept./Oct. 1991): pp. 7-8.

 

247. Ayres, Ed. "Whitewash: Pursuing the Truth About Paper". World Watch. Vol. 5, No. 5, (Sept./Oct. 1992): p. 17.

 

248. Remba, Zev. Interviewing Robert Collins, Director of Clean Water Action's Solid Waste Program. "Recycle First: Countering the Rush to Burn". Clean Water Action News. Vol. 14, No. 1, (Winter 1989): p. 6.

 

249. Ibid.

 

250. Karasek, F.W. and L.C. Dickson. "Model Studies of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin Formation During Municipal Refuge Incineration". Science. Vol. 237, (Aug. 14, 1987): p. 754.

 

251. Remba, Zev. Interviewing Robert Collins, Director of Clean Water Action's Solid Waste Program. "Recycle First: Countering the Rush to Burn". Clean Water Action News. Vol. 14, No. 1, (Winter 1989): p. 8.

 

252. Young, John E. "Burn Out". World Watch. World Watch Inst., Vol. 4, No. 4, (July/Aug. 1991): p. 8.

 

253. Ibid.

 

254. Flavin, Christopher and John E. Young. "Will Clinton Give Industry A Green Edge". World Watch. Worldwatch Inst., Vol. 6, No. 1, (Jan./Feb. 1993): p. 30.

 

255. Ibid.

 

256. "Vital Signs". World Watch. Worldwatch Inst., Vol. 4, No. 5, (Sept./Oct. 1991): p. 6.

 

257. Meyers, Steve and Kathy Slicter. "The Reluctant Revolution". Soft Energy Notes. Rocky Mountain Inst., Vol. 3, No. 4, Old Snowmass, Colorado, (1980): pp. 3-5.

 

258. Lovins, Hunter et al. Changing America: Blueprints for a New Democracy. 2nd Edition, (Reprint), Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. 11.

 

259. Marinelli, Janet. Garbage Magazine. Vol. 1, No. 2, (Nov./Dec. 1989): pp. 31 & 34.

 

260. Flavin, Christopher, Rick Piltz and Chris Nichols. Sustainable Energy. Renew America, Washington D.C., (1988): p. 8.

 

261. Ibid. This was also reported in Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 129. Also see Brown, Lester et al. "Earth Day 2030". World Watch. Vol. 3, No. 2, (March/April 1990): p. 16.

 

262. Ibid.

263. Ibid.

 

264. Ibid.

 

265. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. XXII.

 

266. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. "Winning The Peace". RMI Newsletter. Vol. VII, No. 1, (Spring 1991): p.3.

 

267. Ibid.

 

268. Ibid.

 

269. Ibid.

 

270. Rosewicz, Barbara. "Japanese Firms Again Dominate Top-Mileage List". The Wall Street Journal. (Sept. 30, 1991): p. C-15.

 

271. Ibid.

 

272. "Car Talk". National Public Radio.

 

273. Lovins, Hunter et al. Changing America: Blueprints for a New Democracy. 2nd Edition, (Reprint), Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. 11.

 

274. Romm, Joseph J. The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow and Company, (1992): p. 127.

 

275. Ibid. pp. 127-28.

 

276. Ibid. p. 128.

 

277. Ibid.

 

278. Ibid.

 

279. Ibid.

 

280. Lowe, Marcia D. Alternatives to the Automobile: Transport for Livable Cities. Worldwatch Paper 98, World Watch Inst., Washington D.C., (Oct. 1990): p. 13.

 

281. Morris, David. "Getting From Here To There: Building a Rational Transportation System". Paving Moratorium Update. Alliance for a Paving Moratorium, Issue No. 2, (Fall/Winter 1991-1992): p. 6.

 

282. Bayless, Lynne. "Car Wars". Earthword. No. 4, Eos Inst., Laguna Beach, Cal., (1992): 3.

 

283. Aryes, Ed. "Breaking Away". World Watch. Vol. 6, No. 1, (Jan./Feb. 1993): p. 13.

 

284. Ibid.

 

285. Ibid.

 

286. Ibid.

 

287. Ibid.

 

288. Lundberg, Jan, Editor. "Get Roads Off Welfare: High Property Taxes Pay for Roads". Paving Moratorium Update and Auto Free Times. Issue No. 5, (Summer 1993): p. 25.

 

289. Ibid.

 

290. Author's calculations.

 

291. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. 49. Also see Lovins, Hunter et al. Changing America: Blueprints for a New Democracy. 2nd Edition, (Reprint), Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. 11, and Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): p. 50.

 

292. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. "Winning The Peace". RMI Newsletter. Vol. VII, No. 1, (Spring 1991): p.3.

 

293. Drucker, Charles. "Transportation 2000: The Policy Role". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 4, No. 3, (1981): p. 77.

 

294. Drucker, Charles. "Transportation and Energy". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 4, No. 2, (1981): p. 34.

 

295. Pearlman, Nancy – Editor. "United States Transportation Mismanagement". The Compendium Newsletter. Vol. 20, No. 4, (July/Aug. 1992): p. 9.

 

296. Dunne, Jim. "Truckin Into The Future". Popular Mechanics. (June 1986): pp. 65-8.

 

297. Krause, Florentine. "Fruehauf Finds 40% Fuel Savings". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 5, No. 2, (1982): p. 43.

 

298. Swan, Christopher. "Back On The Track-Revitalizing The Railroads". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 4, No. 22, (1981): p. 37.

 

299. Drucker, Charles. "Transportation and Energy". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 4, No. 2, (1981): p. 34.

 

300. Ibid. Author's calculation.

 

301. Author's calculations based on Krause, Florentine. "Fruehauf Finds 40% Fuel Savings". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 5, No. 2, (1982): p. 43.

 

302. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): pp. 48-49.

 

303. Ayres, Ed. "Breaking Away". World Watch. Vol. 6, No. 1, (Jan./Feb. 1993): p. 11.

 

304. Brown, Lester et al. "Earthday 2030". World Watch. Vol. 3, No. 2, (March/April 1990): p. 17.

 

305. Ayres, Ed. "Breaking Away". World Watch. Vol. 6, No. 1, (Jan./Feb. 1993): p. 14.

 

306. Hagerman, Eric. "Small Town Thinking". World Watch. Vol. 4, No. 4, (July/Aug. 1991): p. 7.

 

307. Ibid.

 

308. Author's calculations – 50% is probably conservative considering that so much of auto travel is related to getting to and from work, school and shopping. In a balanced community served by mass transit, 90 to 100 percent of these travel needs could be met without the use of an automobile.

 

309. Meyers, Steve. "Microprocessors Vs Oil". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 3, No. 4, (1980): p. 17.

 

310. Pearlman, Nancy. "Telecommuting As A Transportation Alternative". The Compendium Newsletter. Vol. 20, No. 5, (Sept/Oct.): p. 10.

 

311. Ibid.

 

312. Ibid.

 

313.  Ayres, Ed. Editor. "Vital Signs". World Watch. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1993): p. 37.

 

314. Lowe, Marcia D. "City Limits". World Watch. Vol. 5, No. 1, (Feb. 1992): p. 20.

 

315. Ibid. p. 21.

 

316. Krause, Florentine. "Carbon Dioxide: Fate or Folly". Not Man Apart. (Dec. 1983): p. 14.

 

317. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. "Winning The Peace". RMI Newsletter. Vol. VII, No. 1, (Spring 1991): p.3.

 

318. Krause, Florentine. "Carbon Dioxide: Fate or Folly". Not Man Apart. (Dec. 1983): p. 14.

 

319. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. 68.

 

320. Author's calculations.

 

321. Harding, Jim. "Soft Paths for Difficult Nations". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 3, No. 3, (June/July 1980): P. 21.

 

322. Ibid.

 

323. Hayes, Dennis. "A Wake-up Call". Solar Today. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec ): p. 38.

 

324. Author's calculations.

 

325. Author's calculations. A .5 percent increase in population per year would increase Japan's population by 17 percent in 33 years. Even if national energy consumption remained the same, a 17 percent population increase would reduce the per capita energy use in Japan to 83 percent of what in 1980 or only 33 percent of the per capita energy consumption in the U.S. for the same year. A 38 percent reduction in Japan's energy use on top of this would reduce Japan's per capita energy use to around 21 percent of the per capita energy use in the U.S. in 1980.

 

326. Author's calculations.

 

327. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): pp. XXVII-XXVIII.

 

328. Author's calculations.

 

329. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. 119. Also see section on the true-cost of energy.

 

Chapter VIII

 

330. Rowe, William D. "Renewable Energy: Target for 2050". IEEE Spectrum. (Feb. 1982): p. 58.

 

331. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): pp. XXXIII, 126. Also see Totten, Michael, et al. The Road to Trillion Dollar Energy Savings. Public Citizen, Washington D.C. (1984): pp. 42-43.

 

332. Hayes, Dennis. "A Wake-up Call". Solar Today. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec ): p. 38. 26 terawatts is Hayes' figure. Author's statement – 26 terawatts is 3 times what we inefficiently consume today (1995) and what we would need in 2030 with cost-effective efficiency improvements. This statement is based on figures developed by Amory and Hunter Lovins in their book, Least Cost Energy.

 

333. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): p. 18.

 

334. Ibid.

 

335. Ibid. p. 19.

 

336. A quad of energy equals a quadrillion (1x 10 to the 15th power or 1 followed by 15 zeros) Btu. A Btu is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.

 

337. Based on data extracted from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL. Interim Solar Radiation Data Manual. NREL, Golden Colorado, (Nov. 1992): pp. 10-72.

 

338. Author's calculations based on figures taken from: The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1993. World Almanac, Scripps Howard Company, St. Martin's Press, New York, (1992): p. 456.

 

339. Ibid.

 

340.  Author's calculations based on figures taken from: Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): p. 19, and from The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1993. World Almanac, Scripps Howard Company, St. Martin's Press, New York, (1992): p. 456.

 

341. Hubbard, Harold R. "The Real Cost of Energy", Scientific American. Vol. 264, No. 4, (April 1991): p. 40.

 

342. Gever, John et al. Beyond Oil. A Project of Carrying Capacity Inc., Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Mass., (1986): p. 20.

 

343. Author's calculations.

 

344. Busch, Lawrence and William b. Lacy Editors. Food Security in the United States. Westview Press, Boulder Colorado – London. (1984): p. 107.

 

345. Meyers, Steve. "Efficient Electric Motors: Winding Up and Slowing Down". Soft Energy Notes. Vol. 3, No. 2, (April 1980): p. 28.

 

346. Telephone conversation with Mark Delucchi at the University of Cal. At Davis Institute of Transportation Studies.

 

347. Author's calculations.

 

348. Author's calculations based on a projected U.S. fleet of vehicles equal to the number of cars on the road in 1995, driving the same number of miles but with cars that are 4 times more efficient, on average, than 1995 cars and still fueled by gasoline powered internal combustion engines. If a fleet of cars built to the same specifications were powered by batteries or a flywheel storage system, the same number of  units of energy in the form of electricity, would allow the fleet to go 3 times as far as the same fleet powered by internal combustion engines burning gasoline.

 

349. The average solar insolation in the southwest desert states is around 7 kWh of solar energy in the form of light, per square meter per day. In the best areas of Florida the per square meter average is just under 5 kWh. Taken from the National Renewable Laboratory (NERL), Interim Solar Radiation Data Manual. NREL, Midwest Research Institute – Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy, (Nov. 1992): pp. 13-72.

 

350. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): p. 46.

 

351. Swisher, Randy et al. "Wind Energy – A Resource for the 1990s and Beyond". American Wind Energy Association. (Feb. 15, 1991): p. 46.

 

352. Swisher, Randall and Paul Gipe. "U.S. wind Farms: An Expanding Market". Solar Today. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1992): p. 17.

 

353. Ibid.

 

354. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. Least-cost Energy. 2nd Edition, Brickhouse Publishers, New York, (1981): p. 112.

 

355. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): p. 57.

 

356. Zerbe, John I. "Biofuels: Production and Potential". Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy. (Winter 1988): p. 38.

 

357. Alich, John A. Jr. and Robert E. Inman. Effective Utilization of Solar Energy To Produce Clean Fuel. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Cal. 94025, (1974): pp. 34-35.

 

358. Author's calculations based on figures taken from . Alich, John A. Jr. and Robert E. Inman. Effective Utilization of Solar Energy To Produce Clean Fuel. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Cal. 94025, (1974): pp. 34-35.

 

359. Ibid. pp. 34 & 98.

 

360. Telephone conversation with Walter Graves, Farm Advisor with the University of California Agricultural Extension Service, San Diego, Cal.

 

361. LaRue, Steve. "Scientist Says Chaparral is Energy Source". San Diego Union. (Nov. 14 1982): p. B-1.

 

362. Author's calculations.

 

363. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): pp. 19 & 68.

 

364. Ibid. pp. 19, 46 & 55. Based on existing hydro power (3.1 quads), low end wind power potential (3.4 quads), and the average of the estimates for biomass potential using the low numbers from the estimates given on page 55 where estimates are given as a  range (9.6 quads).

 

365. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): p. 46 for wind energy, p. 55 for biomass, and pp. 19 & 68 for hydropower.

 

366. Author's calculations.

 

367. Author's calculations.

 

368. Author's calculations.

 

369. Flavin, Christopher. "Selling Solar Cells". World Watch. Vol. 1, No. 5, (Sept./Oct. 1988): p. 42.

 

370. Ibid.

 

371. Lovins, Amory B. and  L. Hunter Lovins. "Winning The Peace". RMI Newsletter. Vol. VII, No. 1, (Spring 1991): p.7.

 

372. Ibid.

 

373. Parrish, Michael. "Solar Power Cells May Cut Bill by One Third". Los Angeles Times. Times Mirror, (April 3, 1991): p. A-1.

 

374. Wilcox, Howard. Ocean Food and Energy Farm Project. Integrated Science Corporation, 1532 Third St., Suite 201, Santa Monica, Cal., (March 1, 1980): pp. 4-21.

 

375. Bird, Carolyn J. and Mark A. Ragan Editors. Eleventh International Seaweed Symposium. Paper by C.K. Tseng. "Phycological Research in the Development of the Chinese Seaweed Industry". Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, (1984): p. 9.

 

376. Telephone conversation with Bill Wilson, an Environmental Planning and Engineering consultant based in Maui, Hawaii.

 

377. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): p. 51.

 

378. Ibid.

 

379. Mahjouri, Fariborz. "DMS With Solar Hot Water at Baltimore Gas & Electric". Solar Today. Vol. 8, No. 1, (Jan./Feb. 1994): p. 23.

 

380. Vant-hull, Lorin L. "Solar Thermal Central Receivers". Solar Today. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1992): p. 13.

 

381. Ibid. p. 15.

 

382. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. A Report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass. (1990): p. 68.

 

383. Author's calculations based on data published in: Dart, Guy. "Alternative Fuels". The Energy Report. (Nov. 15, 1993): p. 678.

 

384. Dart, Guy. "Alternative Fuels". The Energy Report. (Nov. 15, 1993): p. 678.

 

385. Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin. Energy Future. Random House, New York, New York, (1979): p. 226.

 

386. Hubbard, Harold R. "The Real Cost of Energy", Scientific American. Vol. 264, No. 4, (April 1991): p. 37.

 

387. Vant-hull, Lorin L. "Solar Thermal Central Receivers". Solar Today. Vol. 6, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1992): p. 16.</